V.I. Turusov, A.M. Novichikhin, O.A. Bogatykh, E.G. Bocharnikova
V.V. Dokuchaev Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Black-Earth Zone, kvartal 5, 81, pos. 2 uchastka Instituta imeni Dokuchaeva, Talovskii r-n, Voronezhskaya obl., 397463, Russian Federation
Abstract. The aim of the research was to develop methods of organic farming on typical and ordinary chernozems in stationary and short-term tests in V.V. Dokuchaev Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Black-Earth Zone in 1986–2017. Methods of field and laboratory studies and statistical processing of the obtained materials are standard. We studied the following types of crop rotations: grain-fallow-row, grain-fallow-grass-row, grain-grasses with one field of sainfoin and grain-grasses with two fields of sainfoin. Inclusion of sainfoin (one and two fields) in field crop rotations led to the increase in the accumulation of stubble-root residues 2.0–2.8 times, in the content of nitrates in soil at 23–61%, to the reduction of humus losses from the arable layer to 477 kg/ha, to the improvement of physical and water-physical soil properties. Plowing of winter rye, buckwheat, spring rape and pea cause the input of additional quantity of mineral nitrogen in the soil equivalent to 30 tons of litter cattle manure. In experiments on the study of the effectiveness of associative microorganisms it was revealed that biological preparations based on strains 7(mizorin), 204 (rizoagrin) and 2P-7 ensured increased productivity of winter wheat to 0.6 t/ha, and strains 8 (azorizin), 30 (flavobakterin) and 2P-7 – of winter triticale up to 0.66 t/ha. The research into the stationary three-factor experiment allowed to establish that inclusion of growth regulators and stimulants, biologically activated fertilizers, preparations combining macro- and micro fertilizers in cultivation technologies of crops can replace the average doses of mineral fertilizers in its efficiency. The use of these preparations led to the increase in the productivity of winter wheat by 0.21–0.60 t/ha, corn – 0.32–0.94 t/ha, barley – 0.24–0.31 t/ha, pea – 0.31–0.58 t/ha. In the short-term tests the use of the most efficient drugs ensured the additional yield of corn grain of 1.09–2.00 t/ha, of sunflower – 0.64–0.88 t/ha, of sugar beet – 10.5–18.0 t/ha. Thus, the proposed set of agricultural practices for biologization of farming allows reducing the needs of agriculture in organic and mineral fertilizers for some time.
Keywords: fertility; fertilizers; biological methods; crop rotations; green manure crops; biological preparations; agricultural preparations; yield.
Author Details: V.I. Turusov, D. Sc. (Agr.), member of the RAS, director (e-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.); A.M. Novichikhin, Cand. Sc. (Agr.), deputy director; O.A. Bogatykh, Cand. Sc. (Agr.), leading research fellow; E.G. Bocharnikova, junior research fellow.
For citation: Turusov V.I., Novichikhin A.M., Bogatykh O.A., Bocharnikova E.G. Biological Methods of Improving Soil Fertility and Increasing the Productivity of Agricultural Crops. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK. 2017. Vol. 31. No. 10. Pp. 27-31 (in Russ.).