F.G. Bakirov, G.V. Petrova, A.P. Dolmatov, D.G. Petrov
Orenburg State Agrarian University
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Summary. The purpose of research is to develop the technology which ensures the efficient use of moisture’ s resources and increase of crop yields. Studies were carried out on heavy-carbonate chernozems of southern Orenburg Urals, with a humus content of 4.1%, according to the scheme: 1 – «zero» tillage; 2 – shallow soil loosening GRO-4, 25 to a depth of 6-8 cm; 3 – twice shallow loosening GRO-4, 24, 6-8 cm, with an interval of 20-30 days between them, following the second small loosening deep loosening GRO-4, 25 with slit cutter in the depth of 30 cm, in crop rotation: chickpeas – winter wheat – sorghum – spring wheat – sunflower – barley. The deep tillage allows to collect more moisture than zero and shallow soil loosening at 31 mm and 12 mm. The best hydration of the upper layers of the soil provides a more rapid growth of crops in the first half of the growing season in the variant with deep loosening, and the second – on zero tillage . Straw mulch and preservation of capillary connections between the upper and lower layers of soil in direct seeding with drill Amazone DMC Primera leads to the field germination of early cultures by 4-9 %, sorghum by 17%. Moisture reserves in the soil and growing season precipitation cultures are used more effectively in zero tillage and water consumption rates are reduced by 1.2-1.3 times. Zero tillage provides the same productivity of field crops and sunflower grain increases 3.6 and 3.8 c / ha and sorghum – 55 c / ha and 39 c / ha of green mass, in comparison with the deep and shallow tillage reduced water consumption by 1.2-1.3 times.
Keywords: energy saving technologies, tillage, shallow tillage, deep tillage, zero tillage, water use coefficient, southern chernozem.