A. A. Garkusha, V. I. Usenko, V. I. Kravchenko, D. V. Purgin
Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies, Nauchnyi gorodok, 35, Barnaul, 656910, Russian Federation
Abstract. The work aimed to assess the environment-forming role and productivity of wheat, oats, and sunflower on the chestnut soils of Western Siberia. The long-term stationary field experiments were conducted in 2014–2019 in the Kulunda zone of the Altai Territory in various crop rotations. The yield of spring wheat, when cultivated after bare fallow without fertilizers, was 0.76–0.87 t/ha; when it was cultivated against the background of N30, the yield was 0.89–0.97 t/ha. In addition to the option with bare fallow, the most favourable conditions for the crop were formed after oats (0.67 t/ha in the option without fertilizers and 0.86 t/ha when using N30), in comparison with cultivation after sunflower (0.61 t/ha and 0.76 t/ha, respectively), wheat in the crop rotation (0.57–0.64 t/ha and 0.67–0.76 t/ha, respectively), and during permanent cultivation (0.42 t/ha and 0.53 t/ha, respectively). The payback of N30 by increasing the wheat yield after bare fallow ranged from 3.39 kg/kg to 5.50 kg/kg; the payback after non-fallow forecrops ranged from 3.56 kg/kg to 6.39 kg/kg. Oat yield depended on crop rotation (52.4%) and nitrogen fertilizers (46.8%). The best conditions for its formation were registered after wheat in the crop rotations with fallow and sunflower (0.85–0.89 t/ha in the option without fertilizers and 0.97 t/ha when using N30), in comparison with cultivation after wheat in a grain-fallow crop rotation or after sunflower (0.75–0.76 t/ha and 0.85–0.88 t/ha, respectively). Sunflower productivity depended on the effect of nitrogen fertilizers (61.6%) and the forecrop (35.6%). The yield was the greatest after bare fallow (1.22 t/ha in the option without fertilizers and 1.41 t/ha when using N30) and wheat (0.96–1.05 t/ha and 1.24–1.26 t/ha), in comparison with sunflower and oats (0.84–0.86 t/ha and 1.13–1.20 t/ha), with the maximum (11.44 kg/kg) payback of nitrogen fertilizers. Arable land productivity depended mainly on a type of crop rotation (86.2%), increasing from 0.47–0.54 thousand cereal units/ha in agrocenoses without sunflower to 1.11 thousand cereal units/ha with its share of 50%; the payback of nitrogen fertilizers increased from 3.67–3.80 cereal units/kg to 9.22 cereal units/kg.
Keywords: Kulunda steppe; crop rotation; forecrop; chestnut soil; spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); oats (Avena sativa L.); sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).
Author Details: A. A. Garkusha, Cand. Sc. (Agr.), leading research fellow (Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.); V. I. Usenko, D. Sc. (Agr.), chief research fellow; V. I. Kravchenko, Cand. Sc. (Agr.), leading research fellow; D. V. Purgin, Cand. Sc. (Agr.), leading research fellow.
For citation: Garkusha AA, Usenko VI, Kravchenko VI, et al. [The environment-forming role and productivity of spring wheat, oats, and sunflower on chestnut soils in the dry steppe of Western Siberia]. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK. 2020;34(7):5-9. Russian. doi: 10.24411/0235-2451-2020-10701.