V.I. Kiryushin
V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Pyzhevskij pereulok, 7, str. 2, Moskva, 119017, Russian Federation
Summary. The analysis of mineral fertilizer application in Russia over the last 50 years is presented. It is examined the reasons of their low efficacy in the soviet period (the absence of the interest of workers, stereotypes, stop-and-go manner, the substitution of producers by the fiscal service) and the modern one (the prevalence of latifundia with the passivity to innovations, the depressed state of farms due to the absence of cooperation and inadequate state support, weak material and technical base). The common disadvantage is the dissociation of fertilizers and agricultural elements, technological backwardness. On the basis of the analysis of multi-factor long field experiments it was presented that all components of agriculture system interact with fertilizers, which to a considerable extent determine the choice of variety, crop rotation, tillage system, plant protection and, thus, they are the most important systemically factor of agriculture. Application of mineral fertilizers leads to possibility of complete or partial reduction of bare fallow area, minimization of tillage and direct sowing. According to the data of multi-factor experiments the mathematical models are developed, which integrate the noted system connections, and on its basis the adaptive and landscape agricultural systems are designed, differentiated depending on different agro-ecological, social and economic conditions and intensification levels, stipulated by application of fertilizers and other agrochemical means. Fertilizers are the most important mean of the regulation of biological rotation, preventing soil depletion, degradation of agro-landscapes and expansion of geological rotation. Its application is one of the pacing factors for optimization of agricultural nature management, ecological and economic prosperity of society. Measures for the scientific and innovative support of fertilizer application in the country are proposed.
Keywords: mineral fertilizers, adaptive and landscape agriculture systems, intensification level, recoupment of fertilizers, agrochemistry.
Author Details: V.I. Kiryushin, member of the RAS, D. Sc. (Biol.), chief research fellow (e-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.).
For citation: Kiryushin V.I. Mineral Fertilizers as the Key Factor of Agriculture Development and Optimization of Nature Management. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK. 2016. V.30. No 3. Pp. 19-25 (In Russ.).