A. V. Kislov, A. P. Glinushkin, A. V. Kashcheev
All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, ul. Institut, vl. 5, r.p. Bol’shie Vyazemy, Odintsovskii r-n, Moskovskaya obl.,143050, Russian Federation
Abstract. The investigations were carried out in Orenburg region in two stationary experiments: on the minimization of soil cultivation (1988–2015) and on ecologization of crop rotations (1992–2015). With an annual distribution of straw on a field after harvesting during 17 years the humus content in the south chernozem increased from 4.43 to 5.0% in the case of ploughing, to 5.2% in the case of nonmoldboard treatment at different depth and direct seeding, and to 5.4% in the case of shallow loosening at 10–12 cm. It provided for an equilibrium density of 1.23–1.25 g/cm3, which is optimal for cereals. In the first rotation of a seven-field crop rotation, ploughing ensured the best average yield – 1.84 t/ha. In the case of shallow loosening it was equal to 1.80 t/ha, and in the variant with direct seeding it was 1.63 t/ha. In the second rotation the difference between ploughing and no-till was high – 0.18 t/ha, whereas in the third and fourth rotations it did not exceed 10–20 kg. The cost of fuel for small autumn loosening in combination with sowing by combined seeders is 13.2 L/ha, of labour – 0.40 man-hours/ha; for direct stubbling-in these costs were 7.2 L/ha and 0.20 man-hours/ha, and at traditional technology they were 30.7 L/ha and 1.21 man-hours/ha. The highest yield of cereals was obtained in grain-fallow crop rotations with the distribution of winter crops after a fallow field: for winter rye it was 2.77 t/ha, for winter wheat – 1.82 t/ha. In the case of distribution of other crops after the fallow their productivity was the following: pea – 1.68 t/ha, chick-pea – 1.24 t/ha, spring soft wheat – 1.25 t/ha, spring durum wheat – 0.95 t/ha. Corn for silage and grain, grain sorghum, pea, chick-pea and millet are the most effective as separating crops for cereals. Bare fallow with 4–5 fallow cultivations and 2 presowing treatments for late spring crops (corn, sorghum, chick-pea, millet, buckwheat, Sudan grass) effectively controls weeds in 5–6-field crop rotations.
Keywords: biologization of agriculture; minimization of soil cultivation; ecologization of crop rotations; integrated crop protection; biologized system of soil fertility reproduction; resource-saving technologies of cultivation.
Author Details: A. V. Kislov, D. Sc. (Agr.), leading research fellow; A. P. Glinushkin, D. Sc. (Agr.), director (e-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.); A. V. Kashcheev, Cand. Sc. (Agr.), agronomist-economist.
For citation: Kislov A. V., Glinushkin A. P., Kashcheev A. V. Agroecological Basis for an Increase in the Farming Stability in the Steppe Zone. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK. 2018. Vol. 32. No. 7. Pp. 9–13 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.24411/0235-2451-2018-10702.