A. N. Yushkov, N. N. Savel’eva, V. V. Chivilev, A. S. Zemisov, A. S. Lyzhin
I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center, ul. Michurina, 30, Michurinsk, Tambovskaya obl., 393764, Russian Federation
Abstract. The aim of the research was the introduction of new methodological and technological approaches based on the system of interdisciplinary interaction at the interface of molecular genetics, cytogenetics, physiology, biochemistry and breeding, studying the patterns of inheritance of the most important economically valuable traits of fruit crops, as well as issues of expressiveness of identified genes and nature of their interactions. The work was performed in 2010–2018 in the laboratories of physiology of resistance and genomic technologies, the gene pool, genetics and breeding of fruit crops and on the basis of the genetic collection of fruit crops of I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center. Test plantings were located on plots with the 6 m x 3 m planting scheme. Hybrid plants were planted in a breeding nursery with a feed area of 90 cm x 30 cm. A common agricultural technician was used in the test plantations; cultivars and forms were studied against a natural infectious background without the use of protective measures against fungal diseases. Evaluation of economic and biological characteristics and commodity-consumer qualities of fruits of hybrid seedlings, selected forms and cultivars was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodological guidelines. The promising methods used to accelerate the breeding process contributed to the identification of genotypic characteristics of breeding traits, the determination of hereditary patterns, gene interactions, as well as the general and specific combining ability of the parental forms. The authors created an extensive hybrid pool, developed more than 30 genetic donors of valuable traits. This made it possible to increase the efficiency of selection of valuable genotypes by 20–50% and to reduce the time of selection in half. So, it took 21–26 years to create cultivars of apple tree (Vympel, Bylina, Fregat, Blagovest), which in recent years have been introduced into the zoned assortment. In 2018, apple tree ‘Voznesenskoye’, cherry tree ‘Yantarnaya Savelyeva’, ‘Lika’, ‘Mulatka’, hazelnut ‘Shchelkunchik’ were transferred to the state test; Munster apple tree successfully passed the variety test and has been included in the State register for selection achievements admitted for usage.
Keywords: fruit crops; apple tree; pear tree; cultivar; breeding; resistance; productivity.
Author Details: A. N. Yushkov, D. Sc (Biol.), head of breeding center (e-mail: Этот адрес электронной почты защищён от спам-ботов. У вас должен быть включен JavaScript для просмотра.); N. N. Savel’eva, D. Sc (Biol.), leading researcher fellow; V. V. Chivilev, Cand. Sc (Agr.), leading researcher fellow; A. S. Zemisov, Cand. Sc (Agr.), leading researcher fellow; A. S. Lyzhin, Cand. Sc (Agr.), leading researcher fellow.
For citation: Yushkov A. N., Savel’eva N. N., Chivilev V. V., Zemisov A. S., Lyzhin A. S. Innovative Technologies to Improve the Efficiency of the Breeding Process of Fruit Crops. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK. 2019. Vol. 33. No. 2. Pp. 27–30 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.24411/0235-2451-2019-10207.